Freestall Barn yog dab tsi?
A freestall barn(tseem tau sau tias "free stall barn") yog hom xoob-cov vaj tsev uas nyuj tsis tau khi los yog khi rau hauv qhov chaw. Hloov chaw, lub tsev txhab nyiaj muaj ntau lub chaw so ntawm tus kheej - qhib rau ob qho kawg - uas nyuj tuaj yeem nkag mus thiab tawm tau ywj pheej txhua hnub. Qhov no qhia qhov txawv ntawm cov tsev nyob dawb los ntawm cov khi qub- lub tsev muag khoom lossis cov tsev khaws khoom, qhov twg txhua tus tsiaj raug kho rau ib qho chaw.
Lo lus "freestall" yog hais txog lub khw muag khoom nws tus kheej: ib qho kev txhais, txaj txaj qhov chaw me me kom haum rau ib tus tsiaj, ciam teb los ntawm kev faib rau txhua sab thiab lub rooj tsav xwm brisket nyob rau pem hauv ntej. nyuj pub dawb siv tau rau txhua lub khw muag khoom txhua lub sijhawm.
Cov layout feem ntau pab pawg stalls rau hauv kab raws qhov ntev ntawm lub tsev noj mov, nrog rau cov khoom noj khoom noj uas sib luag rau lub laj kab noj ntawm ib lossis ob sab, thiab cov khib nyiab sib cais txhua kab ntawm cov khw. Cov nyuj tsiv mus nyob nruab nrab ntawm kev dag, noj ntawm cov khoom noj, thiab haus dej ntawm cov dej uas nyob thoob plaws hauv qhov chaw.
Keeb kwm luv luv ntawm Freestall Housing
Lub tswv yim freestall tau tshwm sim hauv Tebchaws Meskas thaum xyoo 1950 thiab 1960s vim tias cov khoom noj mis nyuj loj dhau rau cov tsoos stanchion barns los tswj kev lag luam. Iowa State University thiab lwm thaj av- cov tsev kawm ntawv pub dawb tau tshaj tawm cov kev tshawb fawb thaum ntxov qhia tias nyuj nyob hauv vaj tse xoob tau khaws cia sib piv lossis zoo dua cov kua mis ntau dua piv rau cov txheej txheem khi, nrog rau cov kev xav tau ntawm kev ua haujlwm qis rau ib tus tsiaj.
Los ntawm 1980s thiab 1990s, freestall barns tau dhau los ua hom vaj tse tseem ceeb rau loj- kev ua haujlwm mis nyuj hauv North America thiab Northern Europe. Niaj hnub no, lawv yog cov txheej txheem thoob ntiaj teb rau cov tsiaj txhu ntau tshaj li ob peb puas nyuj, nrog rau kev tsim kho kom zoo txuas ntxiv mus rau kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov cua, qhov chaw geometry, thiab cov tshuab hauv pem teb.
Cov Cheebtsam tseem ceeb ntawm Freestall Barn
To taub dab tsi lub freestall barn suav nrog pab qhia meej tias dab tsi ua rau nws siv tau. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog:
1. Cov chaw so ntawm tus kheej
Txhua lub kwj yog qhov loj me kom phim cov tsiaj nyuj nyob. Rau Holstein cov nyuj mis nyuj (feem ntau North American mis nyuj yug), tus qauv tsev muag khoom ntsuas kwv yees li4 feet dav thiab 8 feet ntevrau pem hauv ntej - lunge design. Lub voj voog lub voj voog tiv thaiv nyuj los ntawm kev dag ntawm ib sab thiab txhais qhov chaw ntawm tus kheej yam tsis txwv kev nce thiab dag zog.
A brisket lub rooj tsavxwmnyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub rooj muag zaub nres nyuj los ntawm lunging deb dhau mus rau pem hauv ntej mus rau lub pob zeb, ua kom lub txaj txaj kom huv si thiab tiv thaiv nyuj los ntawm so nrog lawv hindquarters nyob rau hauv txoj kev.
2. Manure Alleys
Qhov dav, du qhob alleys tom qab cov kab khw muag khoom ua haujlwm raws li txoj kev taug kev thiab thaj chaw khaws cov quav. Lawv feem ntau scraped huv mechanically ob mus rau plaub zaug ib hnub twg siv automated alley scrapers los yog flush systems. Txoj kev dav dav (feem ntau 8-12 ko taw) ua kom cov nyuj tuaj yeem sib kis tsis muaj teeb meem.
3. Pub Bunk thiab Pub Alley
Ib lub pob zeb ua pob zeb txuas ntxiv khiav ntawm ib lossis ob sab ntawm lub tsev txhab nyiaj, sib cais los ntawm cov quav khib nyiab los ntawm lub taub hau lossis ncej- thiab - kev tsheb ciav hlau. Txoj kev pub zaub mov ntawm sab nraud tso cai rau tag nrho cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke (TMR) wagon lossis cov khoom noj neeg hlau kom tso cov khoom noj tshiab txhua hnub yam tsis tau nkag mus rau thaj tsam nyuj.
4. Cov neeg ua luam dej
Tsim nyog, dej huv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim mis nyuj. Niaj hnub nimno freestall barns txoj hauj lwm waterers ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov kab ke thiab nyob ze tus cwj mem crossovers, tsom qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm3-4 linear inches ntawm qhov chaw dej rau ib tug nyuj.
5. Qhov cua tshuab
Thaum tshav kub kub kev nyuab siab sharply txo cov mis nyuj ntau lawm thiab cov qe menyuam. Freestall barns tuaj yeem siv qhov cua qhov cua (loj qhib sab nrauv nrog cov ntaub thaiv), qhov cua nkag, lossis hla - cua tshuab nrog cov kiv cua ntxiv nyob rau saum cov khw muag khoom noj thiab cov khoom noj. Nyob rau hauv huab cua sov, evaporative txias los ntawm soakers ntawm cov kab noj yog feem ntau.
12–14
HOURS/HNUB COWS SIV
TUAG
1.7 lbs ib
TXOJ CAI NTAWM TXOJ CAI
LUB SIJ HAWM NTAWM LUB SIJ HAWM
80%
LOJ DAIRIES SIV FREESTALL HUSING
Freestall Bedding Options: Pros thiab Cons
Lub txaj yog ib qho kev txiav txim siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv freestall barn tsim vim nws ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau nyuj kev nplij siab, lub sij hawm dag, tus nqi lameness, thiab somatic cell suav (SCC) - qhov ntsuas tseem ceeb ntawm cov kua mis zoo. Cov kev xaiv tseem ceeb yog:
| Hom txaj | Nyuj Comfort | Mastitis Risk | Kev tu | Nqi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sib sib zog nqus xuab zeb | ★★★★★ | qis tshaj | High (tshwj xeeb sep. xav tau) | Nruab nrab-siab |
| Recycled Manure Solids (RMS) | ★★★★ | Nruab nrab (yog tias qhuav) | Nruab nrab | Tsawg |
| Cov chav dej | ★★★★ | Tsawg – Nruab Nrab | Tsawg | Siab ua ntej |
| Rubber Mattress + Hnav khaub ncaws saum toj kawg nkaus | ★★★ | Tsawg – Nruab Nrab | Tsawg-Medium | Nruab nrab |
| Straw los yog Sawdust | ★★★ | Siab yog ntub | Siab | Hloov pauv |
Xuab zebtseem nyob hauv kev lag luam benchmark rau nyuj kev nplij siab thiab udder noj qab haus huv vim nws inorganic xwm inhibits kab mob loj hlob. Txawm li cas los xij, cov xuab zeb- cov quav khib nyiab yuav tsum muaj cov xuab zeb- cov khib nyiab cais thiab cov kab hauv kab ua ntej nkag mus rau hauv lub pas dej, uas ntxiv peev thiab cov nqi khiav lag luam.
Recycled manure solidstau dhau los ua neeg nyiam ntau dua li xoom-nqi cov ntaub pua chaw pw ntawm cov khoom noj siv mis loj dua nrog cov anaerobic digesters lossis cov tshuab sib cais. Thaum kom qhuav kom qis dua 30% noo noo, RMS ua tau zoo rau cov xuab zeb rau kev nplij siab thiab kev tswj xyuas mastitis.
"Txhua ib teev ntxiv ib tug nyuj siv dag zog txhais lus ncaj qha kom nce ntshav ntws los ntawm lub plab thiab ntsuas tau hauv cov kua mis txhua hnub. Stall kev nplij siab tsis yog kev noj qab haus huv khoom kim heev - nws yog cov khoom tsim tawm."
CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRO-DAIRY EXTENSION Program
Common Freestall Barn Configurations
Freestall barns tuaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev teeb tsa, txhua tus haum rau ntau pawg sib txawv, huab cua, thiab av muaj:
2-Row vs . 4-Law vs. 6-Row Barns
Cov tsiaj me (tsawg dua 200 tus nyuj) feem ntau siv a2-kab kabnrog rau ib qho kev noj zaub mov thiab ib qho quav quav. Kev ua haujlwm loj dua nyiam4- kablos yog6- kablayouts uas khub stalls taub hau - mus rau - taub hau nrog ib tug sib koom feed alley ntawm txhua sab. Qhov no txo cov hneev taw hauv tsev ib tus nyuj thiab txo qhov kev ncua deb ntawm qhov chaw so thiab cov khoom noj.
Monoslope vs. Gable Roof
A monoslope (lean-rau) lub ru tsevpitches nyob rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia, uas yooj yim rau kev tsim kho thiab txhawb kev ua pa ntawm ntuj tsim los ntawm kev tsim ib qho loj, qhib eaves ntawm sab downwind.Gable ru tsevnrog qhib ridges muaj ntau dua nyob rau hauv cov chaw laus thiab ua haujlwm zoo nrog ntuj ntoo khaub lig- cua nyob rau hauv cov huab cua me me.
Compost-Bedded Pack Barns
Txawm hais tias muaj kev hloov pauv, compost-bedded pob (CBP) barns qhia ntau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus nrog cov tsev nyob dawb. Hloov chaw ntawm tus kheej, nyuj so rau ntawm qhov chaw qhib loj qhib ntawm cov ntoo shavings los yog sawdust uas yog aerated ob zaug ib hnub twg. CBP barns muaj cov kev ntsuas kev nplij siab zoo heev tab sis yuav tsum muaj cov khoom siv qhuav qhuav, pheej yig hauv txaj kom tswj tau cov mob aerobic.
Freestall Barns thiab Cow Comfort
Lub hauv paus kev sib cav rau cov tsev nyob freestall yog nyuj welfare. Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm University of British Columbia thiab lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv tsis tu ncua qhia tau hais tias cov nyuj mis nyuj muaj zog txhawb kom pw rau lub sijhawm ntev - txog li 14 teev hauv ib hnub nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo. Thaum lub sij hawm sawv ntsug nce vim qhov kev tsim khoom tsis zoo, lameness, los yog kev sib tw rau cov khw muag khoom, kev tsim mis nyuj, kev ua me nyuam, thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob txhua yam poob.
Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm nyuj kev nplij siab taug qab hauv lub qhov dej -kev tswj hwm freestall barn suav nrog:
Tus Nqi Siv Khoom Muag (SUR):Qhov feem pua ntawm cov nyuj pom dag thaum twg los tau. Lub hom phiaj noj qab haus huv yog 85% lossis siab dua thaum lub sijhawm so.
Lub sij hawm dag:Ntsuas los ntawm txhais ceg -mounted accelerometers (piv txwv li, IceQube, CowManager), nrog rau lub hom phiaj ntawm 11–14 teev nyob rau ib hnub.
Lameness Prevalence:Freestall barns nrog lub khw muag khoom zoo thiab hauv pem teb feem ntau ua tiav cov nqi qis dua 10-15%.
Stall Cleanliness Score:Tau qhab nia 1–4; Cov khw muag khoom yuav tsum tau qhab nia 1-2 (tsawg dua 50% ntawm qhov chaw dag dag) rau kev tiv thaiv mastitis.
Freestall vs. Tie-Stall Barns: Qhov Tseem Ceeb Qhov txawv
| Feature | Freestall Barn | Tie-Stall Barn |
|---|---|---|
| Nyuj Mov | ✔Tsis txwv | ✗Tsau txoj hauj lwm |
| Labor per Cow | ✔qis | ✗Siab dua |
| Herd Size Scalability | ✔ Zoo heev | ✗txwv |
| Kev saib xyuas nyuj tus kheej | Nruab nrab (pen-raws li) | ✔Yooj yim (txhua tus tsiaj kho) |
| Tus nqi peev | Siab dua rau ib lub tsev | qis rau ib lub tsev |
| Kev coj tus cwj pwm | ✔Txhawb nqa | ✗Txwv tsis pub |
Kev npaj thiab tsim lub Freestall Barn: Yuav xav li cas
Ua ntej tawg hauv av, cov neeg tsim khoom siv mis nyuj yuav tsum ntsuas ntau yam kev npaj:
Stocking ceev:Kev lag luam kev taw qhia pom zoo kom tsis pub ntau tshaj 100-110 nyuj rau 100 lub khw. Cov khoom ntim ntau dua yuav txo tau lub sijhawm dag thiab ua rau muaj kev sib tw hauv zej zog.
Pen Grouping Strategy:Cov nyuj tshiab, siab -tsim nyuj, nyuj qhuav, thiab ze- cov heifers txhua tus muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab qhov chaw xav tau. Kev npaj cwj mem layouts ib ncig ntawm kev hloov pauv nyuj yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Manure tuav:Xuab zeb txaj, slatted plag tsev, los yog khawb txhua qhov yuav tsum tau sib txawv downstream tuav infrastructure - los ntawm cov twj tso kua mis mus rau xuab zeb separators mus rau lub lagoon sizing.
Kev Tso Cai Hauv Zos:Feem ntau cov kev txiav txim siab xav tau cov phiaj xwm tswj kev noj zaub mov, kev poob qis ntawm txoj kev dej, thiab kev tso cai tsim tsev. Koom nrog koj lub chaw haujlwm NRCS hauv zos lossis tus kws ua haujlwm ua liaj ua teb ntxov.
Kev nthuav dav yav tom ntej:Tawm hauv chav nyob rau hauv qhov chaw npaj rau ib lub tsev pheeb suab thib ob lossis nthuav tus cwj mem ntxiv. Retrofit lub sij hawm yog kim; kev npaj rau kev loj hlob tsis yog.
Cov lus nug nquag
Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm lub tsev noj mov dawb thiab lub tsev pub dawb -ntau yam?
Lub freestall barn muab ib tug neeg so stalls nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw kaw. Pub dawb- thaj chaw nyob feem ntau yog hais txog cov kab ke uas tso cai rau nyuj nkag mus rau sab nraum zoov ua liaj ua teb rau ib nrab hnub. Qee qhov haujlwm ua ke ua ke ob qho - cov tsev nyob tsis muaj chaw nyob ua qhov tseem ceeb thaum hmo ntuj thiab tsis txaus siab- huab cua vaj tse, nrog rau kev nkag mus rau yav nruab hnub.
Muaj pes tsawg tus nyuj muaj peev xwm tuav tau freestall barn?
Freestall barns muaj peev xwm dav, los ntawm kev ua haujlwm me me nrog 50-100 tus nyuj mus rau cov chaw lag luam loj hauv tsev 2,000 lossis ntau dua. Cov txheej txheem txheej txheem yog ib qho chaw rau ib tug nyuj, nrog me ntsis overcrowding (mus txog 110%) qee zaum siv hauv kev xyaum - txawm tias kev tshawb fawb qhia tias qhov no nce kev sib tw thiab txo lub sij hawm dag.
Lub txaj twg yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau freestall barns?
Xuab zeb yog dav saib raws li tus qauv kub rau nyuj kev nplij siab thiab udder noj qab haus huv, txawm hais tias nws yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb manure tuav. Cov khib nyiab rov siv dua yog tus nqi tshaj plaws - siv tau zoo dua thaum tswj tau zoo. Roj hmab txaj nrog cov organic hnav khaub ncaws saum toj kawg nkaus ua haujlwm zoo hauv cov huab cua txias uas cov xuab zeb nyuaj rau qhov chaw.
Puas yog nyuj nyob rau hauv freestall barns tsim mis nyuj ntau?
Yog, thaum tsim thiab tswj kom zoo, freestall barns txhawb kev tsim cov kua mis ntau dua piv rau khi-cov khoom lag luam lossis cov tshuab ziab khaub ncaws. Lub hauv paus txheej txheem yog nce dag lub sij hawm, uas txhim kho cov ntshav ntws mus rau lub plab, txo qis ceg qaug zog, thiab txo qis cov tshuaj hormones.
Sarah Whitmore, MS
Animal Scientist & Dairy Housing Consultant
Sarah tau siv sijhawm yim xyoo los ua tus kws tshaj lij kev noj qab haus huv ntawm Midwest av- pab tsev kawm ntawv qib siab ua ntej nrhiav kev tawm tswv yim txog kev tsim barn. Nws tau ua haujlwm ntawm vaj tse nyob hauv 14 lub xeev Asmeskas thiab peb lub xeev Canadian.
